Moving The Earth: The Workbook of Excavation Sixth Edition

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Moving The Earth: The Workbook of Excavation Sixth Edition

Moving The Earth: The Workbook of Excavation Sixth Edition

Authors: Herbert Nichols and David Day

Published: April 2010

eISBN: 9780071642613 0071642617 | ISBN: 9780071502672

Contents

Preface to Sixth Edition

Acknowledgments

Introduction to First Edition

Part 1 The Work

Chapter 1. Land Clearing and Controls

Machines and Workers

Erosion Control

Disposal

Contaminated Ground

Brush Clearing

Tree Removal

Dangers

Stumps

Pushing and Digging Out

Pulling Stumps

Winches

Multiple Lines

Wood Disposal

Burning Stumps

Burning Brush

Fire Control

Boulders and Buildings

Chapter 2. Surveys and Measurements

General Considerations

Telescopic Levels

Self-Leveling Level

Leveling Rod

Use of Level

Locations

Instrument Adjustments

Laser

Lasers above Ground

Global Positioning System

Grading Instruments on Equipment

Distance Meters

Minor Instruments

Stringline

Measures of Production

In-Place Measurements

Production Measurements

Types of Production

Swell and Shrinkage

Containers

Output

Chapter 3. Rock, Soil, and Mud

Soil and Rock

Traction

Flotation

Compaction

Mud

Nature of Mud

Equipment for Mud

Temporary Roads

Platforms

Wet Digging

Mud Blasting for Fill Settlement

Stabilization

Fills

Stuck Machinery

Trucks

Crawler Tractors

Shovels

Hydraulic Backhoes

Jumping the Track

Chapter 4. Basements

Preliminary Work

Digging

Open-Front Method

Front-End Loader

Backhoe Excavator

Other Shovel Rigs

Multiple Basements

Contractor’s Setup

Haulaway Digging

Deep Building Basement

Shovel Teams

Backhoe Excavation

Groundwater

Shoring

Rock

Hillside Sites

Chapter 5. Ditching and Dewatering

Ditching

Ditching with a Backhoe

Other Shovel Rigs

Other Ditchers

Rock

Caving of Banks

Stream Crossing

Permanent Ditches

Pipe and Conduit Trenches

Backfilling

Dewatering

Drainage

Bridges

Culvert Design

Laying Corrugated Pipe

Laying Concrete Pipe

Other Forms of Construction

Backfill

Fords and Dips

Soil Moisture

Subsurface Drainage

Tile Drains

Vertical Drains

Excavations

Pumping

Basement Drainage

Chapter 6. Ponds and Earth Dams

Wetlands

Swamp Reclamation

Dragline Size

Stream Control

Shores

Special Problems

Dams

Drains

Spillways

Water Supply and Losses

Pond Maintenance

Hydraulic Dredges

Chapter 7. Landscaping and Agricultural Grading

Landscaping

Choosing the Site

Shaping the Land

Finishing Off

Tree Protection and Removal

Driveways

Agricultural Grading

Need for Grading

Terracing

Gullies

Control

Land Leveling

Irrigation Drainage

Chapter 8. Roadways

Road Types

Roadway Layout

Stakes

Gravel Roads

Sidehill Cuts

Bank Slopes

Through Cuts

Scrapers

Pusher

Work Patterns

Shovel Cuts

Loader Cuts

Fills

Scraper Fills

Drainage

Job Study

Yardage Calculation

Chapter 9. Blasting and Tunneling

Purposes of Rock Excavation

Borehole Patterns

Controlled Blasting

Explosives

Ammonium Nitrate

Slurry (Water Gel)

Initiators

Priming

Handling Explosives

Loading

Lighting Fuses

Electrical Firing

Light blasting

Rock Mechanics

Damage

Digging Underground

Tunnel Work

Hand Tunneling

Microtunneling

Large Tunnels

Shafts

Headings

Mucking

Boring

Hauling

Water

Rock Support

Soft Ground Tunneling

Mining

Room-and-Pillar Excavation

Stoping

Block Caving

Forecasting Rockfalls

Chapter 10. Pit Operation

Stripping Overburden

Sidecasting

Haul-Away Stripping

Topsoil

Gravel, Sand, and Clay

Loading out of the Bank

Level Digging

Surface Water

Groundwater

Pit Planning

Processing Plants

Hauling

Selective Digging

Stockpiling

Segregation

Refuse Disposal

Pit Linings

Sanitary Fill

Chapter 11. Costs and Management

Bookkeeping

Definition of Costs

Receivables

Machinery Purchase

Depreciation

Depreciation Schedules

Depreciation Reserve

Investment

Interest

Financing

Other Ownership Costs

Web Collaboration for Construction

Equipment Work Hours

Operating Expense

Maintenance and Repair

Tires

Labor

Working Time

Equipment Selection

Equipment Rental

Estimating

Contracts

Critical-Path Scheduling

Causes of Failure

Accidents

Insurance

Bonds

Part 2 The Machines

Chapter 12. Basic Information

Principles of Leverage

Gears

Shafts

Bushings and Bearings

Transmission

Chain Drives

Belt Drives

Inclined Planes

Controls

Electric Drive

Wheel Steering

Brakes

Clutch

Fluid Drives

Torque Converter

Air Motors

Cable (Wire Rope)

Cable Systems

Chain

Hydraulics

Pumps

Valves

Lines and Fittings

Reservoir

Cylinders and Motors

Seals and Filters

Maintenance

Lubricants

Cabs

Power Plants

Governor

Gasoline Power

Diesel Engines

Exhaust Conditioners

Fuel Consumption

Power

Hauler Power Train

Travel Resistance

Tires

Tire Wear

Tire Life

Tire Ballast

Tire Chains

Operator Responsibility

Prestart Check

Starting the Engine

Stopping

Safety

Chapter 13. Revolving Shovels and Excavators

Background

Basic Shovel

Revolving Unit

Crawler Travel Unit

Rubber Mountings

Hydraulic Full-Revolving Excavators

Hydraulic System

Travel Unit

Backhoe Attachment

Gradall

Excavator for Pipelaying

Compact or Mini-Excavators

Dragline

Walking Draglines

Clamshell

Dipper Shovel Attachment

Electric Shovels

Mining Shovel

Operating and Maintaining a Shovel

Partial-Swing Shovels

Other Attachments

Operation of Full-Swing Hoes

Tractor-Mounted Backhoe

Operation

Chapter 14. Conveyor Machinery

Conveyors

Conveyor Belts

Stacker

Belt Loaders

Portable Belt Loaders

Wheel Excavator with Boom

Blade-Fed Belts

Machinery for Use Underground

Ditchers

Wheel Ditchers

Chain or Drag Trenchers

Pump Excavators

Hydraulic Dredges

Operation

Hydraulic Fills

Cleanup Dredge

Spoil Separation

Hydraulicking

Chapter 15. Tractors and Bulldozers

Tractors

Crawler Tractors

Operation—Mechanical Drive

Operation—with Torque Converter

Different Control Systems

Wheel Tractors

Four-Wheel Drive

Two-Wheel Drive

Three-Point Hitch

Bulldozers

General Description

Bulldozer Used for Grading

Pushers

Dozer Repairs and Costs

Bulldozer Operation

Special Constructions

Chapter 16. Front-End Loaders

Front Loader

Crawler Mounting

Wheel Mountings

Skid Steer

Compact Loaders and Excavators

Compact Equipment Attachments

Two-Wheel Drive

Digging

Truck Loading

Operation—Two-Wheel-Drive

Loader Hauling

Handling Oversize

Bulldozer Work

Multipurpose (4-in-1) Bucket

Other Special Buckets

Overshot Mucker

Chapter 17. Scrapers

Place in Earthmoving

Tractor-Scraper

Scraper

Tractor

Pusher

Two-engine Scraper

Elevating Scraper

Towed Scraper

Loading

Haul

Dumping and Spreading

Return

Trailer Scraper Operation

Grading

Stumps and Boulders

Job Factors

How Big a Load?

Land Levelers

Light Scrapers

Chapter 18. Trucks and Trailers

Dump Trucks

On-highway Trucks

Tires

Power Train

Body

Heavy Trucks

Tandem Drive

Off the Road

Electric Drive

Traction

Articulated Trucks

All Surface Vehicles

Trailers and Wagons

Bottom and Side Dumps

Driving a Dump Truck

Trailer Operation

Machinery Trailers

Construction

Loading

Chapter 19. Grading and Compacting Machinery

Graders

Motor Grader

Heavy Grader

Blade and Mounting

Controls

Optional Equipment

Articulated (Frame) Steering

Automatic Controls

Heavy Grader Operation

Light Graders

Towed Graders

Automatic Lane Processors

Frame

Subframe Components

Hydraulic System

Manual Controls

Automatic Controls

Operating Characteristics

Compactors

Compaction

Steel Wheel Rollers

Operation

Other Drum Rollers

Rubber-Tire Rollers

Vibratory Rollers

Tampers and Vibrators

Chapter 20. Compressors and Drills

Compressors

Rotary Compression

Air Lines and Accessories

Breakers and Diggers

Percussion Rock Drills

Steels, Rods, and Pipes

Percussion Bits

Rotary Bits and Drive

Hole Cleaning

Noise Suppression

Hand Drilling

Power Feeds

Mountings

Booms

Track-Mounted Drill

Track-Mounted Drill Operation

Mobile Tower Drills

Auger Drills

Horizontal Directional Drilling

Pneumatic Underground Piercers

Deep Rotary Drills

Caisson Drills

Shaft Sinking

Tunneling Machines

Chapter 21. Auxiliary Equipment

Tractor-Mounted Ripper

Cable Layers

Land-Clearing Tackle

Dozer Equipment

Choppers, Shredders, and Chippers

Water Pumps

Submersibles

Pump Operation

Grizzlies and Screens

Processing Plants

Maintenance Trucks and Lubrication Equipment

Tire Handling

Appendix

Glossary

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Index